Pediatric & Special-Population Notes

EPSS: validated in adults only. Do not apply to children.

• ONSD: pediatric and ethnic cutoffs differ.

• IVC collapsibility: only moderate ability to predict fluid responsiveness in children.

• Umbilical catheters confound IVC assessment.

• Neonatal cardiovascular transition is rapid and dynamic.

• Suspected congenital or structural heart disease: pediatric cardiology.

• TCD: adult norms are not applicable to children without pediatric reference data.

• HCM: rare in children; differentiate from physiological LVH, storage diseases, and Noonan syndrome.

• Obstetric/gynaecologic POCUS: transvaginal scanning is preferred for early pregnancy and placental localization when available and safe; POCUS has limited sensitivity for small intrauterine lesions.