Critical Care Medicine [2026]

Research Report on the Development of Chinese Medicine Series
Compiled by: Chinese Medical Association
Chief Editors: Chen Dechang, Guan Xiangdong, Kang Yan, Ma Xiaochun
Publisher: Chinese Medical Multimedia Press, Beijing
ISBN: 978-7-83005-530-1 | Publication Date: May 2026
Classification: R459.7 (Critical Care Medicine)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Sepsis
1.1 What’s New in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-2 Score?
1.2 Capillary Refill Time-Guided Individualized Resuscitation in Septic Shock
1.3 New Breakthroughs in Precision Immunotherapy
1.4 Consensus Framework on Sepsis Transcriptomics
1.5 Timing for Initiating Arginine Vasopressin in Septic Shock

Chapter 2: Severe Infections
2.1 Selective Digestive Decontamination: Insights from the SuDD-ICU Trial
2.2 Re-Evaluating Glucocorticoids in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia
2.3 Diagnostic Efficacy of Criteria for Severe Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
2.4 Novel Antibiotics for Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections
2.5 Severe Candida auris Infections: Risk Factors & Resistance Patterns
2.6 Antibacterial Therapy for Suspected Sepsis: Is Earlier Always Better?

Chapter 3: Critical Hemodynamics & Cardiology
3.1 New Indices for Vasoactive Drug Responsiveness
3.2 Fluid Management in ARDS: Avoiding Hypovolemia
3.3 Venous Congestion with Fluid Responsiveness: To Expand or Not?
3.4 Rapid Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness via Cardiopulmonary Interactions
3.5 ESICM Guidelines on Fluid De-resuscitation
3.6 Digoxin in Chronic Heart Failure: Mechanisms of Prognostic Benefit
3.7 Optimal V-V ECMO Flow Rates for Pulmonary Perfusion
3.8 Expert Consensus on Right Ventricular Injury in V-V ECMO
3.9 ESICM Guidelines on Circulatory Shock & Hemodynamic Monitoring
3.10 Sepsis: Critical Closing Pressure & Tissue Perfusion Pressure

Chapter 4: Critical Respiratory Care
4.1 Awake Prone Positioning: Dosing & Boundaries
4.2 Airway Pressure Release Ventilation in Moderate-Severe ARDS
4.3 EIT-Guided PEEP Titration in Lung-Protective Ventilation
4.4 Individualized Oxygen Therapy Targets in Critically Ill Patients
4.5 Neuromuscular Blockers in ARDS: Selective Benefits
4.6 Timing of Transition from Controlled to Assist Ventilation
4.7 Diaphragmatic Pacing for Difficult Weaning
4.8 Driving Pressure Monitoring in Assist Ventilation
4.9 Predicting Prone Positioning Responsiveness: Empiric to Precision
4.10 Intelligent Ventilation Modes & Duration of Mechanical Support
4.11 High-Altitude Pulmonary Embolism: Hypobaric Hypoxia Pathophysiology

Chapter 5: Critical Infection Control
5.1 2025 Guidelines on Prevention & Management of CLABSI
5.2 CLEEN Study: Enhanced Surface Cleaning & HAI Reduction

Chapter 6: Critical Coagulation & Trauma
6.1 Plasma & Platelet Transfusion in Adults: 2025 ACCP Guidelines
6.2 DIC Definition & Scoring: 2025 ISTH Updates
6.3 TTP Management: 2025 ISTH Updates
6.4 Heat Stroke Management: 2025 SCCM Guidelines
6.5 Anticoagulation in Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
6.6 Postoperative Aspirin Timing in Spontaneous ICH: E-START Trial Insights

Chapter 7: Neurocritical Care
7.1 Real-Time ICP Early Warning in Traumatic Brain Injury
7.2 Metabolic & Molecular Evolution in Severe TBI
7.3 Lung-Protective Ventilation in Acute Brain Injury
7.4 Noninvasive ICP Monitoring: 2025 Brussels Consensus
7.5 Management of Critical Acute Encephalopathy (French SICM Consensus)
7.6 Clinical Assessment of Cerebral Autoregulation

Chapter 8: Sedation & Analgesia
8.1 Potential Harm of Dexmedetomidine in Refractory Shock
8.2 Dexmedetomidine for Non-Intubated High-Agitation Delirium
8.3 Rational Boundaries for Deep Sedation: Scenario-Based Management
8.4 Novel Intravenous Sedatives in the ICU

Chapter 9: Critical Gastroenterology & Hepatology
9.1 COX-2 Inhibitors in Severe Acute Pancreatitis
9.2 2025 Guidelines: Perioperative Liver Transplant Management in Severe Liver Failure
9.3 2026 Guidelines: Stress Ulcer Prevention & Management
9.4 Sterile Fecal Filtrate vs. Donor FMT for Recurrent C. difficile
9.5 TIMING Trial: Intervention Strategies in Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Chapter 10: Critical Nutrition
10.1 Post-ICU Nutritional Therapy
10.2 Feeding Intolerance & Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
10.3 ICU-Acquired Myopathy & Metabolic Dysfunction
10.4 Early Protein Targets in the ICU: Current Consensus
10.5 Diagnosing Malnutrition: GLIM 2025 Criteria

Chapter 11: Critical Nephrology & RRT
11.1 Bundled Prevention Strategies for AKI
11.2 Timing of RRT in AKI: LIBERATE-D Trial Insights
11.3 Bicarbonate Therapy for Severe Acidosis in AKI
11.4 Optimizing Meropenem & Piperacillin/Tazobactam in RRT
11.5 Pregnancy-Associated AKI: 32nd ADQI Consensus
11.6 Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis & Sepsis-Related AKI

Chapter 12: Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS)
12.1 ECMO for Trauma: Chinese Guidelines
12.2 ECLS in Lung Transplantation Perioperative Care
12.3 Pharmacology Research Roadmap for Adult ECMO
12.4 Thermal Dilution for V-V ECMO Hemodynamics
12.5 V-A ECMO: CO₂ Clearance Monitoring
12.6 Levosimendan for V-A ECMO Weaning
12.7 ECMO in Cardiogenic Shock: Overcoming Limitations

Chapter 13: Critical Care Ultrasound
13.1 Protocolized Ultrasound for Diagnostic Accuracy
13.2 Combined Cardiac & Pulmonary Ultrasound in Acute Circulatory Failure
13.3 Ultrasound in ARDS Diagnosis
13.4 Diaphragm Ultrasound for Weaning Optimization

Chapter 14: Critical Care Rehabilitation
14.1 Chinese Consensus on Pulmonary Rehabilitation
14.2 Early Exercise in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
14.3 Peripheral Nerve Electrical Stimulation for Coma Awakening
14.4 Resistance Training + HMB Supplementation in ICU Rehab
14.5 Post-Extubation Dysphagia: GUSS & GUSS-IVA Scales

Chapter 15: Critical Care Research & Methodology
15.1 Treatment Effect Heterogeneity Analysis
15.2 Causal Inference: Marginal Structural Models
15.3 Digital Twin Technology in Critical Care
15.4 Target Trial Emulation for Real-World Evidence
15.5 Core Outcome Sets to Address Heterogeneity

Chapter 16: Critical Care Informatics & AI
16.1 Decision-Driven ICU Data Frameworks
16.2 AI-Driven Sepsis Phenotype Spatiotemporal Evolution
16.3 AI-Based Infection Recognition via Immune Dysregulation
16.4 Data Quality Standards for Critical Care Big Data

Chapter 17: Critical Care Nursing
17.1 Virtual Reality for ICU Anxiety Reduction
17.2 Eye-Tracking for Ventilated Patient Communication
17.3 Non-Therapeutic Hypothermia Management
17.4 Nurse-Led Family-Integrated ICU Care

Chapter 18: Pediatric Critical Care
18.1 2025 Pediatric CPR Guideline Updates
18.2 Influenza-Associated Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy
18.3 Cerebral Autoregulation in Pediatric TBI vs. Adults
18.4 EBV VCA-IgA Positivity & Pediatric Sepsis Prognosis

Chapter 19: Maternal-Fetal Critical Care
19.1 Maternal Mortality Cause Analysis
19.2 Blood-Brain Barrier Injury & Central Inflammation in Eclampsia
19.3 Inhaled NO in Pregnancy-Associated PH with Acute RV Failure

Chapter 20: Critical Care in Immunodeficiency
20.1 Early IPA Risk Assessment in Immunodeficient Respiratory Failure
20.2 Inflammatory Phenotypes & Sepsis Prognosis in Immunocompromised Hosts
20.3 Immune Injury Scoring & Risk Stratification

Chapter 21: Geriatric Critical Care
21.1 MAP Targets in Elderly Septic Shock
21.2 ESICM Consensus on Elderly ICU Management
21.3 Postoperative Delirium in the Elderly: Assessment, Prevention, Treatment

Chapter 22: Post-ICU Syndrome
22.1 Chronic Post-ICU Pain Management
22.2 High-Risk ICU Readmission: Assessment & Intervention

Chapter 23: Medical Humanities in Critical Care
23.1 Dignity Therapy: Survival with Dignity
23.2 Empowerment & Empathy in Shared Decision-Making

Chapter 24: Critical Care Education
24.1 Interprofessional Continuing Education & ICU Teamwork
24.2 AI-Supported Medical Education & Assessment
24.3 Simulation-Based Training in ECMO Management