MCAI PHARMACOLOGY CRQ NOV 2021
1.
a) Difference between summation and synergism in context of drug interaction. (2m)
b) Describe how pharmaceutical incompatibility affects drug interaction. Give 2 examples. (4m)
c) Describe how pharmacokinetic interaction affect drug interaction. Support your explanation with 3 examples. (5m)
d) Define pharmacodynamic interaction and give 2 examples. (4m)
e) What is isobologram. (2m)
f) 3 factors that contribute to risk of adverse drug interaction. (3m)
2.
a) Classify NSAID according to their chemical structure. Give example of commonly used drugs for each. (5m)
b) MOA of NSAID. (4m)
c) Role of cox 1 and cox 2. (4m)
d) Side effects of cox 1 and side effects of cox 2. (2m)
e) 3 contraindication of NSAID. (3m)
f) Drugs that increase the risk of bleeding if given with NSAID. (2m)
3.
a) Name the main endogenous glucocorticoids produced by adrenal cortex. Give 3 examples of synthetic glucocorticoids. (4m)
b) Categories the pharmacological effect of glucocorticoids. Briefly explain the mechanisms of any 3. (7m)
c) 3 clinical indications of glucorcorticoids. (3m)
d) 4 long term (cvs/dermatological) complications of glucocorticoids. (4m)
e) What is needed to be considered when seeing a patient peri operatively , if he is on glucocorticoids therapy. (2m)
4.
a) MOA of suxamethonium. (4m)
b) 5 SE of suxamethonium. (5m)
c) What is suxamethonium apnoea? (3m)
d) What is dibucaine? What is dibucaine number? (4m)
e) 4 characteristics of Phase 1 block. (4m)
5.
a) Describe the colour coding of medical gas cylinder for oxygen, nitrous oxide, entonox and helium. (4m)
b) 4 ways to ensure safe storage of medical gas cylinders. (4m)
c) Describe pin index safety system. (4m)
d) What is entonox? How is it manufactured? (4m)
e) What is poynting effect and its relevance with entonox. (4m)
6.
a) What is defibrillator? Label A B C D (5m)
b) What is the function of A B C D? Is this defibrillator in charge or discharge position? (5m)
c) Formula for stored energy. (2m)
d) Two differences between monophasic and biphasic defibrillator. (4m)
e) 4 factors that affect thoracic impedance during defibrillation. (4m)
MCAI CRQ TRIAL NOV 2021
1. Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticular.
a) Name a hormone produced by each layer (3m)
b) 3 factors that stimulate aldosterone release (3m)
c) Explain the physiological function of aldsterone including the cellular mechanism involved. (5m)
Diagram of metabolism of vitamin D
d) A takes place in, what is B enzyme, C takes place in? (3m)
e) 2 other hormones in calcium metabolism. (2m)
f) Explained the term ‘adjusted calcium’ when used in clinical medicine. (4m)
2. Diagram of neuron axon (same as sample question provided in MCAI candidate handbook)
a) State structure A-E (5m)
b) Outline mechanism of action of LA (5m)
c) How physical properties of nerve affect the speed of LA blockage onset? (1m)
d) What is levobupivacaine? (2m)
e) Max volume of levebupivacaine 0.25% if used for femoral block in a 70KG patient, Show your calculation. (1m)
f) State influence of additive on effect of LA and describe the mechanism of action for each: adrenaline (3m) and sodium bicarbonate (3m).